Arginine or Hypertonic Saline-Stimulated Copeptin to Diagnose AVP Deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Distinguishing between arginine vasopressin (AVP) deficiency and primary polydipsia is challenging. Hypertonic saline-stimulated copeptin has been used to diagnose AVP deficiency with high accuracy but requires close sodium monitoring. Arginine-stimulated copeptin has shown similar diagnostic accuracy but with a simpler test protocol. However, data are lacking from a head-to-head comparison between arginine-stimulated copeptin and hypertonic saline-stimulated copeptin in the diagnosis of AVP deficiency. METHODS: In this international, noninferiority trial, we assigned adult patients with polydipsia and hypotonic polyuria or a known diagnosis of AVP deficiency to undergo diagnostic evaluation with hypertonic-saline stimulation on one day and with arginine stimulation on another day. Two endocrinologists independently made the final diagnosis of AVP deficiency or primary polydipsia with use of clinical information, treatment response, and the hypertonic-saline test results. The primary outcome was the overall diagnostic accuracy according to prespecified copeptin cutoff values of 3.8 pmol per liter after 60 minutes for arginine and 4.9 pmol per liter once the sodium level was more than 149 mmol per liter for hypertonic saline. RESULTS: Of the 158 patients who underwent the two tests, 69 (44%) received the diagnosis of AVP deficiency and 89 (56%) received the diagnosis of primary polydipsia. The diagnostic accuracy was 74.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 67.0 to 80.6) for arginine-stimulated copeptin and 95.6% (95% CI, 91.1 to 97.8) for hypertonic saline-stimulated copeptin (estimated difference, -21.2 percentage points; 95% CI, -28.7 to -14.3). Adverse events were generally mild with the two tests. A total of 72% of the patients preferred testing with arginine as compared with hypertonic saline. Arginine-stimulated copeptin at a value of 3.0 pmol per liter or less led to a diagnosis of AVP deficiency with a specificity of 90.9% (95% CI, 81.7 to 95.7), whereas levels of more than 5.2 pmol per liter led to a diagnosis of primary polydipsia with a specificity of 91.4% (95% CI, 83.7 to 95.6). CONCLUSIONS: Among adult patients with polyuria polydipsia syndrome, AVP deficiency was more accurately diagnosed with hypertonic saline-stimulated copeptin than with arginine-stimulated copeptin. (Funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation; CARGOx ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03572166.).

Dietary Recommendations for Ethiopians on the Basis of Priority Diet-Related Diseases and Causes of Death in Ethiopia: An Umbrella Review.

Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) need to be evidence-based. As part of the development of Ethiopian FBDG, we conducted an umbrella review to develop dietary recommendations. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), deficiencies of vitamin A, zinc, calcium, or folate, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were selected as a priority. Systematic reviews were eligible if they investigated the impact of foods, food groups, diet, or dietary patterns on priority diseases. After a search, 1513 articles were identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar published from January 2014 to December 2021. The results showed that 19 out of 164 systematic reviews reported the impact of diet on PEM or micronutrient deficiencies. Daily 30-90 g whole-grain consumption reduces risk of CVD and T2DM. Pulses improve protein status, and consuming 50-150 g/d is associated with a reduced incidence of CVD and T2DM. Nuts are a good source of minerals, and consuming 15-35 g/d improves antioxidant status and is inversely associated with CVD risk. A daily intake of 200-300 mL of milk and dairy foods is a good source of calcium and contributes to bone mineral density. Limiting processed meat intake to <50 g/d reduces CVD risk. Fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamins A and C. CVD and T2DM risks are reduced by consuming 200-300 g of vegetables plus fruits daily. Daily sugar consumption should be below 10% of total energy to lower risk of obesity, CVD, and T2DM. Plant-based fat has favorable nutrient profiles and modest saturated fat content. The association of saturated fatty acids with CVD and T2DM is inconclusive, but intake should be limited because of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-raising effect. Plant-based diets lower risk of CVD and T2DM but reduce micronutrient bioavailability. The review concludes with 9 key dietary recommendations proposed to be implemented in the Ethiopian FBDG. This review was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42019125490).

Study on the Zinc Nutritional Status and Risk Factors of Chinese 6-18-Year-Old Children.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in several metabolic processes, especially children's growth and development. Although many previous studies have evaluated the zinc nutritional status of children, there are very few reports on children aged 6-18 years old. Furthermore, there are few reports on children's zinc nutrition status based on the Chinese population. According to WHO data, the prevalence of zinc deficiency in Asian countries is rather high and has resulted in high child mortality. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively assess zinc nutritional status and the prevalence of zinc deficiency among children aged 6-18 years in China based on nationally representative cross-sectional data. Subgroup comparisons were made under possible influencing factors. The potential risk factors of zinc deficiency were also discussed. A total of 64,850 children, equally male and female, were recruited from 150 monitoring sites in 31 provinces through stratified random sampling from China National Nutrition and Health Survey of Children and Lactating Mothers (CNNHS 2016-2017). Median and interquartile intervals were used to represent the overall zinc concentration levels and different subgroups. A Chi-square test was used to compare serum zinc levels and the prevalence of zinc deficiency in children under different group variables. In order to study the influencing factors of zinc deficiency, multiple logistic regression was utilized. It was found that the median concentration of serum Zn was 88.39 µg/dL and the prevalence of Zn deficiency was 9.62%. The possible influence factors for Zn deficiency were sex, anemia, nutritional status, city type and income. By conducting a subgroup analysis of the factors, it was found that males; those with anemia, stunting and low income; and children living in rural areas have a higher risk of Zn deficiency. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Zn nutritional status among Chinese children, which provides reliable data for policy formulation to improve the zinc nutrition status of children.

Intermittent fasting for health care, a review / El ayuno intermitente, ¿un éxito o una desventaja para el cuidado de la salud?

The incidence of obesity and overweight in the world has been increasing in recent years due to poor diet and lack of physical activity; people suffering obesity and overweight, related with malnutrition due to excess, often resort to calorie restriction diets that are usually not very effective. In this context, intermittent fasting (IF) has become popular due to the possibilities for weight loss that it offers. This diet consists of alternating periods of fasting with unrestricted eating; however, its effectiveness and consequences are unknown to most users. This narrative review analyzes whether intermittent fasting contributes to the improvement of body and metabolic composition. The purpose of the review was to examine the available data on the contribution of intermittent fasting to the improvement of body and metabolic composition, in order to provide information and to define the parameters that condition safe achievement of its benefits. IF dieting triggers adaptive cell responses that cause a decrease in lipid oxidative stress markers in individuals with obesity and prediabetes. Metabolic alterations have been found to go hand in hand with the alteration of circadian rhythms; if IF contributes to this effect, it may assist in treating and preventing obesity and associated diseases. However, there are also disadvantages, such as the loss of lean muscle mass by wasting, and increased hypoglycemia(AU)

La incidencia de obesidad y sobrepeso en el mundo ha ido en aumento en los últimos años debido a la mala alimentación y la falta de actividad física; Las personas que padecen obesidad y sobrepeso, relacionadas con la desnutrición por exceso, suelen recurrir a dietas de restricción calórica que suelen ser poco efectivas. En este contexto, el ayuno intermitente (AI) se ha popularizado debido a las posibilidades de pérdida de peso que ofrece. Esta dieta consiste en alternar períodos de ayuno con alimentación sin restricciones; sin embargo, su eficacia y consecuencias son desconocidas para la mayoría de los usuarios. Esta revisión narrativa analiza si el ayuno intermitente contribuye a la mejora de la composición corporal y metabólica. El objetivo de la revisión fue examinar los datos disponibles sobre la contribución del ayuno intermitente a la mejora de la composición corporal y metabólica, con el fin de aportar información y definir los parámetros que condicionan la consecución segura de sus beneficios. Se ha encontrado que las alteraciones metabólicas van de la mano con la alteración de los ritmos circadianos; si AI contribuye a este efecto, puede ayudar a tratar y prevenir la obesidad y las enfermedades asociadas. Sin embargo, también existen desventajas, como la pérdida de masa muscular magra por atrofia y el aumento de la hipoglucemia(AU)

Relation between anemia and hospitalized older adults' nutritional status / Relação entre anemia e estado nutricional de idosos hospitalizados / Relación entre anemia y estado nutricional de los adultos mayores hospitalizados

Background and Objectives: Malnutrition is frequent in hospitalized older adults, favoring nutritional deficiencies, such as anemia. Several studies have associated anemia with reduced performance in daily activities, which may increase morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the relation between anemia and older adults' nutritional status. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with hospitalized older adults. Anemia was investigated via hemoglobin. The chosen outcome variables were anemia and hemoglobin and the exposure variables gender, age group, skin color, marital status, education, and nutritional status. Variables were described in absolute and relative frequencies. For statistical analysis, the Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used. Results: Overall, we evaluated 272 hospitalized older adults and fund a 65.1% prevalence of anemia. We associated anemia with age group, malnutrition, and decreased muscle mass. Hemoglobin levels decreased as participants' nutritional status worsened, with malnutrition showing the lowest average. Conclusion: Anemia was associated with nutritional status by the evaluated instruments and we observed a reduction in hemoglobin levels as volunteers' nutritional status worsened. Therefore, research must understand the factors associated with anemia, and healthcare providers should investigate anemic older adults' clinical history anemic to search for its basic cause.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: A desnutrição é frequente em idosos hospitalizados, favorecendo deficiências nutricionais, como a anemia. Diversos estudos associaram a anemia com a redução do desempenho nas atividades diárias, podendo aumentar a morbidade e mortalidade. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a relação entre anemia e estado nutricional de idosos hospitalizados. Métodos: Estudo transversal com idosos hospitalizados. A anemia foi investigada através da hemoglobina. As variáveis desfecho foram a anemia e a hemoglobina; e as variáveis de exposição foram: gênero, faixa etária, cor da pele, situação conjugal, escolaridade e estado nutricional. As variáveis foram descritas em frequência absoluta e relativa. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se os Testes Qui-quadrado e Anova. Resultados: Foram avaliados 272 idosos hospitalizados, nos quais a prevalência de anemia foi de 65,1%. Verificou-se associação dessa condição com a faixa etária, desnutrição e massa muscular diminuída. Os níveis de hemoglobina diminuíram conforme a piora do estado nutricional, sendo que os desnutridos tiveram a menor média. Conclusão: A anemia foi associada com o estado nutricional pelos instrumentos avaliados, também se observou a redução dos níveis de hemoglobina conforme a piora do estado nutricional. Portanto, a compreensão dos fatores associados à anemia é necessária, sendo fundamental que os profissionais de saúde investiguem a história clínica do idoso anêmico em busca de sua causa básica.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: La desnutrición es frecuente en los adultos mayores hospitalizados, favoreciendo deficiencias nutricionales como la anemia. Varios estudios han asociado la anemia a un rendimiento reducido en las actividades diarias, lo que predispone a un aumento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la relación entre anemia y estado nutricional de los adultos mayores hospitalizados. Métodos: Estudio transversal con adultos mayores hospitalizados. La anemia se investigó a través de la hemoglobina. Las variables de resultado fueron la anemia y la hemoglobina; y las variables de exposición fueron sexo, grupo de edad, color de piel, estado civil, educación y estado nutricional. Las variables se describieron en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y ANOVA. Resultados: Se evaluaron a 272 adultos mayores hospitalizados, en los cuales la prevalencia de anemia fue del 65,1%. Se encontró que la anemia estaba asociada al grupo de edad, la desnutrición y la disminución de la masa muscular. Los niveles de hemoglobina disminuyeron a medida que empeoraba el estado nutricional, con un promedio más bajo en los desnutridos. Conclusión: La anemia se asoció al estado nutricional en los instrumentos evaluados, se observó también una reducción en los niveles de hemoglobina a medida que empeoraba el estado nutricional. Por tanto, es necesario conocer los factores asociados a la anemia, y los profesionales de la salud necesitan investigar la historia clínica del adulto mayor anémico en busca de su causa básica.(AU)

Perfil epidemiológico nutricional dos pacientes em hemodiálise / Nutritional epidemiological profile of hemodialysis patients

A insuficiência renal crônica compromete as funções fisiológicas dos rins, e leva o paciente à diálise como terapia; contudo, essa condição gera suscetibilidade à desnutrição. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico e nutricional dos pacientes em hemodiálise e compará-los em relação à doença renal de base. É estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e transversal. Foram coletados dados demográficos, clínicos, antropométricos e laboratoriais de pacientes que estiveram em diálise. Foram incluídos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica e excluídos menores de 18 anos, com dados insuficientes ou com comorbidades que alterassem processo nutricional. Em conclusão, observaram-se 4 principais causas para doença renal crônica: hipertensão arterial crônica, doença renal policística, doença renal terminal e nefropatia diabética, que foi a mais prevalente, com pouca evidência de desnutrição

Chronic renal failure compromises the physiological functions of the kidneys and leads the patient to dialysis as a therapy; however, this condition generates susceptibility to malnutrition. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological and nutritional profile of patients on hemodialysis and to compare them in relation to the underlying renal disease. It is a retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Demographic, clinical, anthropometric and laboratory data were collected from patients who were on dialysis. Patients with chronic renal failure were included and those under 18 years of age, with insufficient data or with comorbidities that altered the nutritional process, were excluded. In conclusion, 4 main causes of chronic kidney disease were observed: chronic arterial hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease and diabetic nephropathy, which was the most prevalent, with little evidence of malnutrition

Mapa de Evidências sobre o manejo e tratamento da má nutrição no contexto da atenção primária: informe de resultados / Evidence Map on the management and treatment of malnutrition in the context of primary health care: full report

Este informe apresenta as evidências sobre os efeitos de intervenções no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) para o manejo e tratamento da má nutrição que foram caracterizadas e sistematizadas no mapa de evidências disponível em: https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/bireme/viz/ma-nutricao-aps-pt/evidence-map. Contexto: A má nutrição refere-se às deficiências, excessos ou desequilíbrios no consumo de energia e/ou nutrientes de uma pessoa, como por exemplo a desnutrição, as deficiências de micronutrientes e a obesidade. Estima-se que a má nutrição afeta uma em cada três pessoas no mundo (2). Investimentos em estratégias eficazes para o manejo da má nutrição em todas as suas formas são importantes para alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), especialmente os ODS 2 e 3, as Metas Globais de Nutrição da OMS 2025 e as metas da Década de Ação pela Nutrição, da ONU. São diversos os determinantes em saúde que influenciam o estado nutricional, como por exemplo, o grau de segurança alimentar e nutricional domiciliar, os cuidados no nível familiar e comunitário, as condições de vida e a qualidade dos serviços de saúde (3). Por se tratar de uma questão multifatorial, é imprescindível que se desenvolvam estratégias para apoiar os profissionais de saúde no manejo da má nutrição na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Portanto, a caracterização da evidência sobre as possíveis intervenções voltadas ao manejo, prevenção, promoção e tratamento das formas de má nutrição realizadas no âmbito da APS, que contribuam para a recuperação do estado nutricional e melhora nos padrões de consumo alimentar da população, têm um grande potencial de informar e embasar a Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição e fortalecer as ações desenvolvidas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Pergunta: Quais intervenções oferecidas no âmbito da APS podem ser efetivas/eficazes e seguras para o manejo e tratamento de diferentes formas de má nutrição? Método: Com base na metodologia Mapas de Evidências e a partir da definição do escopo da pesquisa, uma ampla busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas principais bases de dados para identificar revisões sistemáticas, sem restrição de data de publicação ou de idioma. Os estudos foram selecionados por dois revisores independentes e um terceiro revisor quando houve discordâncias. A qualidade das revisões foi analisada com base na ferramenta AMSTAR 2. A ferramenta Tableau foi utilizada para exibir graficamente a sistematização e caracterização das evidências analisadas nos estudos incluídos no mapa, destacando o nível de confiança para os resultados reportados sobre o efeito das intervenções para os desfechos em saúde relacionados à má nutrição. Resultados: Os 61 estudos incluídos no Mapa avaliaram o efeito de 72 tipos de intervenção distribuídos em 10 grupos. Estas intervenções foram associadas a 52 desfechos de saúde (má nutrição) distribuídos em 6 grupos. No total foram 311 associações entre intervenções e desfechos considerando que uma mesma intervenção pode ser aplicada a mais de um desfecho e vice-versa. O grupo de intervenções Multicomponente foi o mais associado (114), seguido dos grupos Nutricional (87) e Comportamental (64). Dentre os grupos de desfechos, o grupo Constituição Corporal recebeu a maioria das associações (200). A maior parte dos estudos reportou efeito positivo ou potencialmente positivo para as intervenções/desfechos analisados. Com base na avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos de revisão, os 61 estudos foram classificados por nível de confiança para os resultados reportados: alto (13), moderado (5), baixo (21), criticamente baixo (22).

Mapa de Evidências sobre o manejo e tratamento da má nutrição no contexto da atenção primária: informe executivo / Evidence Map on the management and treatment of malnutrition in the context of primary care: executive report

O Mapa de Evidências sobre o manejo e tratamento da má nutrição no contexto da atenção primária é um produto do projeto de cooperação técnica estabelecido entre o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, por meio da Coordenação Geral de Alimentação e Nutrição (CGAN/DEPROS/SAPS/MS), e a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, por meio do Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (BIREME/OPAS/OMS). Este informe executivo consolida as evidências analisadas nos estudos incluídos no Mapa de Evidências sobre as intervenções da atenção primária para desfechos decorrentes do manejo e tratamento da má nutrição. O Mapa está publicado e disponível na Plataforma Tableau Public BIREME em: https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/bireme/viz/ma-nutricao-aps-pt/evidence-map

Illustration of the Importance of Adjustment for within- and between-Person Variability in Dietary Intake Surveys for Assessment of Population Risk of Micronutrient Deficiency/Excess Using an Example Data Set.

Nutrition intervention decisions should be evidence based. Single 24-h recalls are often used for measuring dietary intake in large dietary studies. However, this method does not consider the day-to-day variation in populations' diets. We illustrate the importance of adjustment of single 24-h recall data to remove within-person variation using the National Cancer Institute method to calculate usual intake when estimating risk of deficiency/excess. We used an example data set comprising a single 24-h recall in a total sample of 1326 1-<10-year-old children, and two additional recalls in a sub-sample of 11%, for these purposes. Results show that risk of deficiency was materially overestimated by the single unadjusted 24-h recall for vitamins B12, A, D, C and E, while risk of excess was overestimated for vitamin A and zinc, when compared to risks derived from usual intake. Food sources rich in particular micronutrients seemed to result in overestimation of deficiency risk when intra-individual variance is not removed. Our example illustrates that the application of the NCI method in dietary surveys would contribute to the formulation of more appropriate conclusions on risk of deficiency/excess in populations to advise public health nutrition initiatives when compared to those derived from a single unadjusted 24-h recall.

Changes in Diet and Anthropometric Parameters in Children and Adolescents with Celiac Disease-One Year of Follow-Up.

Celiac disease (CD) may cause numerous nutrient deficiencies that a proper gluten-free diet (GFD) should compensate for. The study group consists of 40 children, aged 8.43 years (SD 3.5), on average, in whom CD was diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms, immunological and histopathological results. The patients' height, weight, diet and biochemical tests were assessed three times: before diagnosis, after six months, and following one year of GFD. After one year, the patients' weight and height increased but nutritional status (body mass index, BMI percentile) did not change significantly. The children's diet before diagnosis was similar to that of the general Polish population: insufficient implementation of the dietary norm for energy, fiber, calcium, iodine, iron as well as folic acid, vitamins D, K, and E was observed. Over the year, the GFD of the children with CD did not change significantly for most of the above nutrients, or the changes were not significant for the overall assessment of the diet. Celiac patients following GFD may have a higher risk of iron, calcium and folate deficiencies. These results confirm the need for personalized nutritional education aimed at excluding gluten from the diet, as well as balancing the diet properly, in patients with CD.

Correlation between Serum Zinc Levels and Levodopa in Parkinson's Disease.

Long-term intake of potential zinc-chelating drugs may cause zinc deficiency. We postulated that zinc deficiency in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients was related to the intake of drugs such as levodopa. We investigated the relationship between zinc levels and levodopa administration period, dosage, and symptoms of zinc deficiency in PD patients. We measured serum zinc levels and analyzed correlations between serum zinc levels, the levodopa oral administration period, dosage, dosing frequency, and zinc deficiency symptoms including taste disorders. Data analyses were performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The mean serum zinc level was 60.5 ± 11.6 µg/dL. The mean administration period for levodopa was 8.0 ± 5.5 years, mean administration frequency 3.4 ± 0.9 times/d, and mean administration dose 420.6 ± 237.1 mg/d. Negative correlations between zinc levels and levodopa dosage and dosing frequency were found. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant correlation with the frequency of levodopa (ß = -0.360, p = 0.007). No significant change in clinical symptoms was observed after zinc administration, but anxiety tended to improve. Our results indicated that frequent levodopa administration strongly influenced serum zinc levels which may have alleviating effects on psychiatric symptoms; therefore, preventing zinc deficiency can be important during PD treatment.